pronoun

                                                                                                 Pronoun

                Kegunaan pronoun (kata ganti)samahalnya noun, hanyasajakebanyakan pronoun mempunyaitigafungsi: subyek, obyek, dan possessive

Pronoun dapatdikelompokanmenjadibeberapa type:

1.        Personal pronoun (kata ganti orang)

2.        Possessive pronoun (kata gantikepunyaan)

3.        Reflexive pronoun (kata gantimandiri)

4.        Demonstrative pronoun ( kata gantipetunjuk)

5.        Reciprocal Pronoun ( kata gantitimbalbalik )

6.        Indefinite Pronoun ( kata gantiseseorangatausesuatu )

7.        Interrogative pronoun (kata gantipenanya)

8.        Relative pronoun (kata gantipenghubung)

● Personal Pronoun, Possessive Pronoun, dan Reflexive Pronoun

Personal Pronoun		Possessive		Reflexive Pronoun
Subject	Object	Adjective	Pronoun
I You They We She He It	Me You Them Us Her Him It	My Your Their Our Her His Its	Mine Yours Theirs Ours Hers His Its	Myself Yourself/selves Themselves Ourselves Herself Himself Itself

I bring my book for me myself because this book is mine

You bring your book for youyourself because this book is mine

We bring our book for usourselves because this book is ours

They bring their book for themthemselves because this book is theirs

He brings his book for himhimself because this book is his

She brings her book for herherself because this book is hers

Kegunaan:

A.      Subject: Terletakpadaawalkalimatsebagaipelaku.

Example: They help me; I love you; You are crazy

B.       Object: Kebanyakanterletakpadaakhir/tengahkalimatsebagai orang/objek yang dikenaipekerjaan.

Example: They help me; I love you; You buy it

C.       Possessive adjective / kata sifatkepemilikan : bias terletakdimanasajadalamkalimat yang berfungsimelengkapi kata bendauntukmenunjukankepemilikan. Jadi, iatidak bias berdirisendirimakaharusselaludiikutiolehbendanya.

Formula :Poss. Adj. + Kata Benda ( Noun )

Example: My hobby is reading; She is your friend

D.      Possessive pronoun/ kata gantikepemilikan: bisaterletakdimanasajadalamkalimat yang berfungsiuntukmenggantikan“Poss. Adj. + Kata Benda( Noun )”jadiiaharusselaluberdirisendiri.

Example: This is my pen, where is yours? Oh, it’s mine.

E.       Reflexive pronoun/ kata gantidiri (refleksif): biasanyaterletaksetelah kata kerja yang berfungsiuntukmenunjukan:

a.        Pekerjaanitudilakukansendiriolehsubyektersebut.

Example: I can do it myself

b.        Pekerjaanitumengarahpadadirisipelakusendiri.

Example: I believe in myself

c.        Pekerjaanitudilakukansendiriantanpaadanya orang laindisekitarnya/ sendiriantanpateman.

Example: she lives here by herself

d.        Pekerjaanitubenar-benardilakukanolehsipelaku/ berfungsiuntukmenguatkankalimat / pernyataan

Example: I myself will help him

●Demonstrative Pronoun (kata gantipetunjuk)

This, These, That, Those :This/These digunakanjikabendanyadekatdengansipembicara, namunThat/ Those sebaliknya. That/ Those digunakanuntukmenunjukanbenda yang jauh

Example: This is my book and that is yours

                These are your pens and those are theirs

This/That + Noun                 : This heart feels quite without you

These/Those + Noun                             : Those flowers must be given to my soul mate

·   Reciprocal Pronoun ( kata gantitimbalbalik )

Each other, One another

Each other digunakanuntukduapelaku                     : Sendy and me love each other

One another digunakanuntuk 3 ataulebihpelaku      : All students respect one another

·   Indefinite Pronoun ( kata gantiuntukseseorang/sesuatu )

Pronoun inidigunakanketikapembicaraataupenulistidakmengetahuiseseorangatausesuatu yang dibicarakansecarajelas.

- Many, Most, Some, Any, None, All, Both, Several, Much, Enough, Others, The Others, Another, Every

- Either, Neither

- Somebody, Something, Someone, Nobody, Nothing, None, Anybody, Anyone, Anything, Everyone, Everything

Example :somebody is looking for you, I don’t have anything, Some students are in the garden.

·         Expletive Pronoun

Expletive pronoun adalahIt danThere yang biasanyamenempatiposisisubyek agar kalimatmenjadibenar.Pronoun initidakmempunyaiarti, hanyaberfungsimenempatisubyek.

Example :There is a beautiful student in this class

                It hurts me to hide my love to you

It jugabisadigunakanuntukmengungkapkansuatucuaca/keadaanatau jam.

Example :It’s raining, it’s cloudy

It’s one o’clock, it’s a half past three

●Interrogative Pronoun

                Interrogative pronoun adalah kata ganti yang dipakaiuntukmengajukanpertanyaan,  terdiridari: What, Who, Where, When, Why, How, dll

A.      What

a)        What (apa. Untuk object dan subject benda)

Example: What do you study?

b)       What(menanyakanpredikat)

Example: What does he do?

c)        What (menanyakanprofesi)

Example: What is jhon?

d)       What (berapa, pukulberapa, tahunberapa)

Example: What time is it?

e)        What + noun

Example: What story is grandfather telling you?

f)        What...for (untuk/mengapa)

Example: What did you bring the guitar for?

g)       What + to be + subject + like ( sepertiapa )

Example: What is your sister like?

h)       What (karakter/penampilan)

Example: What does arman look like?

i)         What (menanyakanukuran)

Example: What age is he?

B.       Who

a)        Who (untukmenanyakan subject)

Example: Who is reciting the holy Qur’an?

C.       Whom

a)        Whom (menanyakan object orang)

Example: Whom did you see last night?

b)       Whom....for (untuksiapa)

Example: Whom does your father work for?

c)        Whom...to (dengansiapa)

Example: Whom do you tell your problem to?

d)       Whom...with (dengansiapa)

Example: Whom did Tasya go to school with?

e)        Whom...by (olehsiapa)

Example: Whom is she given pen by?

D.      Whose

a)        Whose (possessive adjective)

Example: Whose book is this?

b)       Whose (possessive pronoun)

Example: Whose is this book?

E.       Where, When, Why, How many, How much, Which

Pembahasannyasama. Perbedaannyahanyadalammenanyakan subject dan object

● Relative pronoun

Relative pronoun adalah kata gantipenghubung yang berfungsi untuk menghubngkan antara induk kalimat dengan anak kalimat.relative pronoun ini juga disebut adjective clause karena menjelaskan benda dalam induk kalimat yang berarti ‘yang’.

Sebagaimana kita ketahui dalam bahasa inggris tidak ada kata khusus yang dapat digunakan sebagai kata penghubung yang berarti ‘yang’, maka dalam hal ini kita akan menggunakan kata-kata: Who, Whom, Whose, Which, That

                Relative pronoun terdir idari dua jenis yaitu:

1)       Defining relative : relative pronoun yang menjelaskan subjek dalam kalimat dan ditulis tanpa adanya tanda koma.

Example: The boy who studied in Japan is Mahesa

2)Non defining relative:

 rrelative pronoun yang tidak  hanya menjelaskan subyek tapi juga keterangan lain tentang subyek itu sendiri dan ditulis dengan tanda koma.

Example: Mahesa, who is the clever boy, studied in Japan

Penggunaan relative pronoun

A.      Who/That dapatdigunakanuntuk orang sebagaisubyek

Example: The boy is my brother. He met you yesterday

                The boy who met you yesterday is my brother

B.       Whom/That digunakanuntuk orang sebagaiobjek

Example: The man is George. You called him last night

                   The man whom you called last night  is George

C.       Which/That digunakanuntukbendasebagaisubyekatauobyek

Example: She is waiting for the bus. The bus goes to Purwokerto

                   She is waiting for the bus that goes to Purwokerto

                   She is waiting for the bus which goes to Purwokerto

D.      Whose digunakanuntuk orang yang memiliki (kepemilikan). Mengganti Possessive Adjective.

Example: The man is proud. His son is an engineer

                The man whose son is an engineer is very proud

                Kata-kata where atau when bias jugadigunakansebagaipenghubunguntukmenggantikanketerangantempatdanwaktu.

                Example: That is house. Ika stays at that house

                                    That is the house where Ika stays at

                                I forgot the day. She visited me on that day

                                I forgot the day when she visited me

Daftarpustaka

Syuhada, Akum. 2005. Basic English Guidance. Amsterdam Press

Mongot Jaya, Alexander, dkk. 2008. English Revolution. Jepara. MAWAS PRES

Team, Nous, Rahasia Part of Speech, Nous PustakaUtama, Kediri : 2011