part of speech

PARTS OF SPEECH

1. Noun                                                   5. Pronoun
2. Verb                                                    6. Conjunction
3. Adverb                                                            7. Preposition
4. Adjective                                            8. Interjection

1. Noun ( kata benda )

a.1. Concrete Noun ( Kata benda nyata )

- Common Noun ( kata benda yang digunakan untuk memberi nama benda-benda umum ). Kata benda ini tidak membutuhkan kata sandang ( the, a/an ).

Example : Region ( wilayah ), City ( kota ), Country ( negara ), etc… 

-  Proper Noun ( kata benda yang digunakan untuk memberi nama diri ). Kata benda ini membutuhkan kata sandang ( the, a/an ).

Example : book, teacher, building, uncle, umbrella, etc…

-     Material Noun ( kata benda material / bahan ).

Kata benda ini tidak bisa menggunakan kata sandang  ( a/an ), tetapi kata sandang ( the ) bisa digunakan.

Example : water, iron, silver, etc…

-    Collective Noun ( kata benda kolektif )

Adalah kata benda yang digunakan untuk memberi nama-nama kolektif.

Example : family, society, people, complex, etc….

a.2. Abstract Noun ( Kata benda tidak Nampak )

adalah suatu kata benda yang digunakan untuk memberi nama benda yang tidak nyata ).

Example : wind ( angina ), weather ( cuaca ), bravery ( keberanian ), justice ( keadilan ), truth ( kebenaran ), etc….

2. Verb ( kata kerja / predikat )

Adalah kata yang menunjukkan perbuatan yang dilakukan subject.

b.1. Berdasarkan Complement ( pelengkap )

- Transitive verb ( kata kerja yang memerlukan object )

   Example : Eat, Drink, Meet, Invite, Call, etc….

·         She calls her boyfriend.

·         I drink coffee every night.

·         We meet you in the beautiful place.

-    Intransitive verb ( kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan object )

Example : Walk, Go, Run, Cry, Sleep, Swim, Sit, etc….

·         She swims in the pool.

·         The child is crying in the midnight.

·         I sit on the chair with my girlfriend.

-    Linking verb ( kata kerja penghubung )

Example : is, am ,are, was, were, become, feel, seem, taste, look, etc…

·         I am a student.

·         It tastes nice.

·         She feels dizzy.

b.2. Berdasarkan bentuk

- Regular verb ( kata kerja beraturan )

V-1	V-2	V-3
Walk	Walked	Walked
Talk	Talked	Talked
Ask	Asked	Asked

-    Irregular verb ( kata kerja tak beraturan )

V-1	V-2	V-3
Write	Wrote	Written
Run	Run	Run
Go	Went	Gone

-          Auxiliary verb ( kata kerja bantu )

·         Primary Auxiliary

( Do, Does, Did, Have, Has, Had, Is, Am, Are, Was, Were…)

Example : I do not speak English, I have eaten rice, Etc….

·         Modal Auxiliary

( Will, Can, must, May, …. )

Example : She can sing beautifully, We must go home now.

3. Adverb ( Kata Keterangan )

Macam-macam :

-          Adverb of time ( keterangan waktu )

Example : Tomorrow, Today, Tonight, Yesterday, At this time, Etc….

                 I will study English with you tomorrow.

                 She comes to my house today.

-          Adverb of place ( keterangan tempat )

Example : Here, There, In this class, On the chair, At home, In the llibrary, etc….

                 We will go there

                  I sit on the chair

-          Adverb of manner ( keterangan cara )

Example : fast ( dengan cepat ), fluently ( dengan lancer ), Clearly ( dengan jelas ), Beautifully ( dengan indah ), Etc….

                 We can speak English fluently.

                 She can sing beautifully.

4. Adjective ( kata sifat )

Adalah suatu kata yang memberi sifat kata benda.

Macam-macam :

1.      Demonstrative adjective ( kata sifat penunjuk )

Example : This, that, these, those.

-          This pen is new.

-          I read all these books

2.      Possessive adjective ( kata sifat kepunyaan )

Example : my, your, our, their, his, her, its.

                  My book is good.

                  Our class will join a math competition.

3.      Descriptive adjective ( kata sifat deskripsi )

Adalah kata sifat yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan sifat, watak, dan keadaan orang atau benda.

-          Clever                                = pandai

-          Stupid                               = bodoh

-          Diligent                             = rajin

-          Lazy                                  = malas

-          Handsome                         = ganteng

-          Beautiful                           = cantik

-          Pretty                                = cantik

-          Short                                 = pendek

-          High                                  = tinggi

-          Fat                                     = gemuk

-          Small                                 = kecil

-          Afraid                               = takut

-          Etc…        

5. Pronoun ( kata ganti )

No	Personal		Possessive Pronoun		Reflexive Pronoun
	Subject	Object	Possessive Adjective	Possessive Pronoun
1	I	Me	My	Mine	My self
2	You	You	Your	Yours	Your self/selves
3	We	Us	Our	Ours	Our selves
4	They	Them	Their	Theirs	Their selves
5	He	Him	His	His	Him self
6	She	Her	Her	Hers	Her self
7	It	It	Its	Its	It self

Example :

-          I am me. ( aku adalah aku )

-          You are mine. ( kamu adalah milikku )

-          My book is on the table. ( bukuku di atas meja )

-          I my self moves that big stone. ( Saya sendiri yang memindahkan batu besar itu )

6. Conjuntion ( kata penghubung )

Adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menhubungkan kalimat atau kata –kata.

-          And                                               = dan

-          But                                                            = tetapi

-          Or                                                  = atau

-          Before                                           = sebelum

-          Although                                       = walaupun

-          So that                                           = agar

-          Otherwise                                      = jika tidak

-          Whereas                                        = apalagi

-          Until                                              = hingga

-          Either...or….                                 = baik…maupun….

-          Neither…nor….                            = bukan….maupun…

-          Not only…but also….                  = bakan hanya… tetapi juga…

-          Etc ….

Example : I am not a student and a teacher.

                 I can’t either read or write.

                 I can neither read nor write.

                 She is not a singer or an actress.

7. Preposition ( kata depan )

Adalah kata depan yang selalu diijutin oleh noun.

Macam-macam preposition :

a.        Free preposition ( kata depan bebas )

Macam-macamnya adalah :

-          About                                            = tentnag

-          Above                                           = diatas

-           After                                            = setelah

-           Among                                         = diantara ( perbandingan banyak )   

-           Around                                         = disekitar

-           As                                                 = seperti

-           At                                                 = di

-           Before                                          = sebelum

-           Behind                                         = dibelakang

-          Below                                            = dibawah

-           Beside                                          = disamping

-           Besides                                         = disamping ( ada dua/lebih kegiatan )

-           For                                                = untuk

-           In                                                  = di

-           Inside                                           = didalam

-           Into                                              = kedalam

-           Like                                              = seperti

-           On                                                            = diatas

-           Until                                             = sampai

-           Just                                               = cuma

-           To                                                 = untuk

-           With                                             = dengan

-           By                                                            = dengan

-           etc….

Example : I sit beside you.

                  She studies in SMP 1 cirebon.

b.      Complex preposition

Adalah preposition yang lebih dari satu kata.

Macam-macam :

-          As well as                          = sebaik

-          Because of                                    = sebab

-          According to                     = menurut

-          Except for                         = kecuali

-          In front of                         = didepan

-          In spite of                          = meskipun

-          Instead of                          = meskipun

-          Up to                                             = sampai

-          Etc…                    

Example : I can stand here because of Allah.

                  I park my motorcycle in front of my house.

Fungsi preposition :

a.       Menerangkan tempat

-                    Among                                    = I walk among the streets.

-                    Behind                                                = I hide behind the house.

-                    In front of                               = I stand up in front of u all.

-                    In                                             = I study in my home.

-                    On                                           = I put my book on the table.

-                     Inside                                     = I sing a song inside my room.

-                    At                                            = I throw the rubbish at the.

building (sekitar).

b.      Menerangkan arah

-                    Up                                           = She walks up the stairs.

-                    To                                            = she goes to my house.

-                    Into                                         = she comes into the taxi.

-                    Through                                   = she crossed the street through the zebra

   cross.

-                    Down                                      = she climbed down the tree. 

c.       Menerangkan waktu

-                    During                                     = they study English during a month.

-                    By                                           = they will come to my house by next week.

   ( menjelang ).

-                    Before                                     = they prepare everything before going out.

-                    After                                       = they will marry before next Friday.

-                    At                                            = they watch the movie at night.

-                    From…. To/Until                    = they study in this school from morning

   until afternoon.

d.      Menerangkan tujuan

-                    For                                           = he buys a pen for writing.

e.       Menerangkan kepemilkan

-                    Of                                            = the headmaster of this school is my uncle.

f.       Menerangkan cara

-                    By                                           = he comes here by train.

-                    With                                        = he goes to the campus with me.

g.      Menerangkan jarak

-                    For                                           = we walked for miles and miles.

h.      Menerangkan bahan

-                    With                                        = you should fill the bottle with water.

i.        Menerangkan pelaku

-                    By                                           = He is hit by me.